Editor: Glenn Sonnedecker, eds.
Publisher: American Institute of the History of Pharmacy
Year Published: 1976
Pages: 571
ISBN: 0-931292-17-4
AIHP#: BKS46
Price: $36.00 ($21.60 for members)
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—Temporarily Out Of Print—
Edition: Revised 4th Edition (Print on Demand)
Illustrations: 129
Praise for Kremers and Urdang’s History of Pharmacy:
“This classical text on the history of pharmacy… has retained its position of preeminence through the passing of the years. The fourth edition, revised by Dr. Sonnedecker, has continued the quality of excellence and accuracy that has characterized earlier editions of the volume. The profession of pharmacy should be rightfully proud of its good heritage so well delineated in this volume. The treatise is a challenge for the future of the profession and should be read by everybody associated with drugs in the treatment of disease.” —Bulletin of the History of Medicine
“This book is a ‘must’ not only for pharmacy students, faculty, and libraries but for all in the profession. A deeper appreciation for and pride in pharmacy will be the profit for reading time thus invested.” —Amer. Journal of Pharmaceutical Education
Preface to the 4th Edition:
The evolving fusion of knowledge and responsibility designed to provide safe, effective
drugs and health supplies comprises a significant component of one of man’s most
basic concerns and thus also of his history. An account of this development merits the attention of the general reader, but more particularly this book is intended to give the pharmacy student some additional perspective to guide his reshaping of traditions and improving of the services and the satisfactions which he expects in the profession. The history of pharmaceutical science and technology has the cumulative, progressive quality that characterizes the history of science at large; the history of the pharmaceutical profession shows the character of social history, with its unforeseen regressive turns of events, its conflicts of interests, and their resolution by trends and forces that would elude comprehension solely in terms of science or any other type of endeavor or opinion circumscribed by a given time or group. This sociohistorical view of pharmacy evolving as a profession in the Western world is what we have tried to portray. The materia medica-and the science and technic that transform it-cannot be ignored here, but the serious study of pharmacy’s history from that viewpoint must be left to another occasion and framework. Likewise, there are large areas of the world-both primitive and highly civilized, in remote and more recent time-whose interesting pharmaceutical endeavors had to be ignored in the task of producing a manageable volume focused on the sources of historical growth that seemed most relevant to American pharmacy.
Table of Contents:
Part One: Pharmacy’s Early Antecedents
1. Ancient Prelude
Babylonia-Assyria
Egypt
Greece and Rome
Four Roman Medical Authors
2. The Arabs and the European Middle Ages
The Arabs
Transit Ways of Knowledge
Medieval European Pharmacy
Universities Emerge
The Birth of European Professional Pharmacy
Part Two: The Rise of Professional Pharmacy in Representative Countries of Europe
3. Changing Medicaments and the Modern Pharmacist
The Idea of the “Renaissance”
Paracelsus and Chemical Drugs
Iatrochemistry Affects Pharmacy
Drugs from the New World
A Century of Speculative Theories
Homeopathy as an Example of Medical Sectarianism
Background to Modern Pharmacy
Interactions with Pharmacy
4. The Development in Italy
Organization into Guilds
Early Large-Scale Manufacturing
Status in Society
From Guild to Government Rule
Development of Education
Development of a Literature
5. The Development in France
Organization into Guilds
Pharmacists and Spicers
From “Apothicaire” to “Pharmacien”
Pharmacists and Physicians
Organization of French Pharmacy Since 1777
Development of the Pharmacist’s Establishment
Large-Scale Manufacturing
Development of Education
Development of a Literature
Prominent Pharmacists and Science
Hospital and Military Pharmacy
6. The Development in Germany
The Beginnings
Systems of Pharmacy Ownership
Monopoly; Prices; “Drogerien”
Development of Education
Supervision of Pharmacy
Social Standing
Pharmaceutical Literature
Organizations
7. The Development in Britain
The Peculiar British Situation
Pharmaceutical Beginnings
The Apothecaries-Their Society and Its Laboratory
Chemists-and-Druggists and Their Pharmaceutical Society
Other Organizations
Inspection and Regulation
Social Standing
Pharmaceutical Education
Development of a Literature
Scientific Contributions
Ties Between Dispensing and Production
Concluding Remarks
8. Some International Trends
Trends of International Commerce
International Social Trends
International Professional Trends
Part Three: Pharmacy in the United States
9. The North American Colonies
The Spread of European Civilization
Colonization of North America
Drugs in the New World
Eighteenth Century Pharmacy
Colonial Legislation Related to Pharmacy
Attempted Separation of Pharmacy from Medicine
10. The Revolutionary War
Military Pharmacy in the Revolution
The American Medical Military Establishment
Apothecary-General Andrew Craigie
Military Drug Supplies
The Responsibilities of the Apothecaries
Importance of the Revolution for Pharmacy
11. Young Republic and Pioneer Expansion
Indigenous Materia Medica
The “Thomsonians” and the “Eclectics”
Homeopathy
Individual Liberty vs. Professional Responsibility
Beginnings of American Professional Pharmacy
Westward Movement of the Frontier
Section Two The Period of Organized Development
12. The Growth of Associations
Local Organizations
State Organizations
National Organizations
13. The Rise of Legislative Standards
Local Laws
State Pharmacy Laws
Food and Drug Law
Control of Addictive Drugs
Conclusion
14. The Development of Education
Private Schools
State Universities
Consolidation of the School System
Preliminary Education
Internship
Curriculum
Home-Study and Short-Course: Substitute or Supplement?
Associations of Schools
American Council on Pharmaceutical Education
The American Foundation for Pharmaceutical Education
Pharmaceutical Surveys
15. The Establishment of a Literature
Books Imported from Europe
Attempts to Establish an American Pharmacopeia
The Massachusetts Precursor
Hospital Formularies
The U.S. Pharmacopeia
Revising the Pharmacopeia
The National Formulary
Dispensatories
Homeopathic Pharmacopeia
The Pharmaceutical Recipe Book
New and Nonofficial Drugs
Text and Reference Books
Journals of Associations
16. Economic and Structural Development
The Community Pharmacy
Institutional Pharmacy
Wholesale Establishments
Manufacturing Pharmacy
Part Four: Discoveries and Other Contributions to Society by Pharmacists
17. The American Pharmacist in Public Service
The Pharmacist in Civic Life
The Pharmacist in Public Service
The Pharmacist in the Armed Forces
Pharmacists in the Public Health Service
Individual Pharmacists in Governmental Service
Pharmaceutical Emergency Service
18. Contributions by Pharmacists to Science and Industry
General Chemistry
Plant Chemistry
Physiologic Chemistry
Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology
Industry
Miscellaneous
Conclusion
Appendices
Appendix 1 Representative Drugs of the American Indians
Appendix 2 Founding of State Pharmaceutical Associations, U.S.A.
Appendix 3 Passage of State and Territory Pharmacy Laws, U.S.A
Appendix 4 Schools of Pharmacy in the United States
Appendix 5 Pharmacy’s History-A Growing Awareness
Appendix 6 Pharmaceutical Literature Some Bibliographic Historical Notes
Appendix 7 Glossary
Notes and References
Index
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